Navy Adm. Michael S. Rogers

U.S. Cyber Command plans, coordinates, integrates, synchronizes and conducts activities to direct the operations and defense of specified Defense Department information networks; prepare to, and when directed, conduct full spectrum military cyberspace operations in order to enable actions in all domains; and ensure freedom of action for the U.S. and its allies in cyberspace and deny the same to the nation's adversaries.

The command has three main focus areas: defending the Department of Defense Information Network, providing support to combatant commanders for execution of their missions around the world, and strengthening the nation's ability to withstand and respond to cyber attack.

The command unifies the direction of cyberspace operations, strengthens Defense Department cyberspace capabilities, and integrates and bolsters DoD's cyber expertise. Cybercom improves DoD's capabilities to operate resilient, reliable information and communication networks, counter cyberspace threats and assure access to cyberspace. Cybercom is designing the cyber force structure, training requirements and certification standards that will enable the services to build the cyber force required to execute the command's assigned missions. The command also works closely with interagency and international partners in executing these critical missions.

U.S. Cyber Command is a sub-unified combatant command subordinate to U.S. Strategic Command. Its service elements include Army Cyber Command, Fleet Cyber Command, Air Force Cyber Command and Marine Forces Cyber Command. Coast Guard Cyber Command, although subordinate to the Department of Homeland Security, has a direct support relationship to Cybercom. The command is also standing up dedicated cyber mission teams to accomplish the three elements of its mission.

The eagle, the U.S. national symbol, is revered for its keen eyesight, which allows it to pierce the darkness and remain vigilant. The two swords on the shield represent the dual nature of the command to defend the nation and, if necessary, engage our enemies in the cyber domain. The lightning bolt symbolizes the speed of operations in cyber, and the key illustrates the command's role to secure the nation's cyber domain.

(Last updated March 2015)

DSP satellites use an infrared sensor to detect heat from missile and booster plumes against the Earth's background. In 1995, technological advancements were made to ground processing systems, enhancing detection capability of smaller missiles to provide improved warning of attack by short-range missiles against U.S. and allied forces overseas.

Numerous improvement projects have enabled DSP to provide accurate, reliable data in the face of evolving missile threats. On-station sensor reliability has provided uninterrupted service well past their design lifetime. Recent technological improvements in sensor design include above-the-horizon capability for full hemispheric coverage and improved resolution. Increased on-board signal-processing capability improves clutter rejection. Enhanced reliability and survivability improvements were also incorporated. The Space Based Infrared System is projected to replace DSP.

The program came to life with the first launch of a Defense Support Program satellite in the early 1970s. Since that time, DSP satellites have provided an uninterrupted space-based early warning capability. The original DSP satellite weighed 2,000 pounds and had 400 watts of power, 2,000 detectors, and a design life of 1.25 years. Throughout the life of the program, the satellite has undergone numerous improvements to enhance reliability and capability. The weight grew to 5,250 pounds, power to 1,516 watts, number of detectors increased to 6,000, and the design life has increased to a goal of five years.

The 460th Space Wing, with headquarters at Buckley Air Force Base, Colorado, has units that operate DSP satellites and report warning information, via communications links, to North American Aerospace Defense Command, U.S. Northern Command and U.S. Strategic Command early warning centers within Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station, located near Colorado Springs, Colorado. These centers immediately forward data to various agencies and areas of operations around the world.

Typically, DSP satellites were launched into geosynchronous orbit on a Titan IV booster and inertial upper stage combination. However, one DSP satellite was launched using the space shuttle on mission STS-44 (Nov. 24, 1991). The final DSP satellite was launched on the new Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle Delta-4, Heavy, in November 2007.

DSP's effectiveness was proven during Operation Desert Storm, when DSP detected the launch of Iraqi Scud missiles and provided warning to civilian populations and coalition forces in Israel and Saudi Arabia.

• Primary mission: strategic and tactical missile launch detection
• Contractor: Northrop-Grumman
• Weight: 5,250 pounds (2,386 kilograms)
• Orbit altitude: approximately 22,300 miles (35,970 kilometers)
• Power plant: solar arrays generate 1,516 watts
• Height: 32.8 feet (10 meters) on orbit; 28 feet (8.5 meters) at launch
• Diameter: 22 feet (6.7 meters) on orbit; 13.7 feet (4.2 meters) at launch
• Date deployed: 1970
• Latest satellite block: sats 18-23
• Unit cost: $400 million
• Operational inventory: classified

(Current as of November 2015)

• Networked sensors (including space-based) and ground- and sea-based radars for target detection and tracking;
• Ground- and sea-based interceptor missiles for destroying a ballistic missile using either the force of a direct collision, called "hit-to-kill" technology, or an explosive blast fragmentation warhead, and;
• A command, control, battle management and communications network providing the operational commanders with the needed links between the sensors and interceptor missiles.

Missile defense elements are operated by U.S. military personnel from U.S. Strategic Command, U.S. Northern Command, U.S. Pacific Command, U.S. Forces Japan, U.S. European Command and other organizations. The U.S. has missile defense cooperative programs with a number of allies, including the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, Israel, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Poland, Italy and many others. The Missile Defense Agency also actively participates in NATO activities to maximize opportunities to develop an integrated NATO ballistic missile defense capability.

The Minuteman is a strategic weapon system using a ballistic missile of intercontinental range. Missiles are dispersed in hardened silos to protect against attack and connected to an underground launch control center through a system of hardened cables. Launch crews, consisting of two officers, perform around-the-clock alerts in the launch control center.

A variety of communication systems provide the president and secretary of defense with highly reliable, virtually instantaneous direct contact with each launch crew. Should command capability be lost between the launch control center and remote missile launch facilities, specially configured E-6B airborne launch control center aircraft automatically assume command and control of the isolated missile or missiles. Fully qualified airborne missile combat crews aboard airborne launch control center aircraft would execute the president's orders.

The Minuteman weapon system was conceived in the late 1950s and Minuteman I was deployed in the early 1960s. Minuteman was a revolutionary concept and an extraordinary technical achievement. Both the missile and basing components incorporated significant advances beyond the relatively slow-reacting, liquid-fueled, remotely-controlled intercontinental ballistic missiles of the previous generation. From the beginning, Minuteman missiles have provided a quick-reacting, inertially guided, highly survivable component to America's strategic deterrent program. Minuteman's maintenance concept capitalizes on high reliability and a "remove and replace" approach to achieve a near 100 percent alert rate.

Through state-of-the-art improvements, the Minuteman system has evolved to meet new challenges and assume new missions. Modernization programs have resulted in new versions of the missile, expanded targeting options, improved accuracy and survivability. Today's Minuteman weapon system is the product of almost 60 years of continuous enhancement.

The current ICBM force consists of Minuteman III missiles located at the 90th Missile Wing at F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming; the 341st Missile Wing at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana; and the 91st Missile Wing at Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota.

• Primary function: intercontinental ballistic missile
• Contractor: Boeing Co.
• Power plant: three solid-propellant rocket motors: first stage ATK refurbished M55A1; second stage ATK refurbished SR-19; third stage ATK refurbished SR-73
• Technologies chemical systems division thrust: first stage: 203,158 pounds; second stage: 60,793 pounds; third stage: 35,086 pounds
• Weight: 79,432 pounds (36,030 kilograms)
• Diameter: 5.5 feet (1.67 meters)
• Range: 6,000-plus miles (5,218 nautical miles)
• Speed: approximately 15,000 mph (Mach 23 or 24,000 kph) at burnout
• Ceiling: 700 miles (1,120 kilometers)
• Date deployed: June 1970, production cessation: December 1978
• Inventory: active force, 406; Reserve, 0; ANG, 0

(Current as of April 2017)

During periods of increased world tension the Global Operations Center is fully staffed. The commander and members of the senior staff operate as a battle staff from the commander's situation room, also known as the CSR or SitRoom, which acts as an extension of the GOC.

Workstation consoles provide the battle staff state-of-the-art secure and non-secure voice communications and data management systems. Each battle staff member has access to information essential to decision-making and management of the command's forces. Support battle staff members work with an advanced data processing system that allows them to generate real-time updates for decision makers.

The Global Operations Center's display and briefing support system provides capabilities ranging from video teleconferencing to a complete knowledge wall reflective of the current global situation.

The Global Operations Center is staffed 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Watch teams constantly monitor the world for strategic threats to the United States or its allies. Strategic assessments are combined with inputs from national intelligence and regional combatant commanders to provide the team with indications that could initiate adaptive planning and course of action development. This information is provided to the commander and other decision-making authorities. Based on presidential orders, the GOC will execute global strike missions or send emergency action messages to the strategic nuclear forces.

In the event that the Global Operations Center becomes disabled, control of strategic forces may be passed to the Airborne Command Post, which is crewed and ready to launch 24 hours a day, ensuring a survivable command and control platform for the commander.

The B-2 provides the penetrating flexibility and effectiveness inherent in manned bombers. Its low-observable, or "stealth," characteristics give it the unique ability to penetrate an enemy's most sophisticated defenses and threaten its most valued, and heavily defended, targets. The B-2’s capability to penetrate air defenses and threaten effective retaliation provides a strong, effective deterrent and combat force well into the 21st century.

The revolutionary blending of low-observable technologies with high aerodynamic efficiency and large payload gives the B-2 important advantages over existing bombers. Its low-observability provides it greater freedom of action at high altitudes, thus increasing its range and a better field of view for the aircraft's sensors. Its unrefueled range is approximately 6,000 nautical miles (9,600 kilometers).

The B-2's low observability is derived from a combination of reduced infrared, acoustic, electromagnetic and visual and radar signatures. These signatures make it difficult for sophisticated defensive systems to detect, track and engage the B-2. Many aspects of the low-observability process remain classified; however, the B-2's composite materials, special coatings and flying-wing design all contribute to its "stealthiness."

The B-2 has a crew of two pilots, a pilot in the left seat and mission commander in the right, compared to the B-1B's crew of four and the B-52's crew of five.

The first B-2 was publicly displayed Nov. 22, 1988, when it was rolled out of its hangar at Air Force Plant 42, Palmdale, California. Its first flight was July 17, 1989. The B-2 Combined Test Force, Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, California, is responsible for flight testing the engineering, manufacturing and development aircraft on the B-2.

Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, is the only operational base for the B-2. The first aircraft, Spirit of Missouri, was delivered Dec. 17, 1993. Depot maintenance responsibility for the B-2 is performed by Air Force contractor support and is managed at the Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma.

The combat effectiveness of the B-2 was proved in Operation Allied Force, where it was responsible for destroying 33 percent of all Serbian targets in the first eight weeks, by flying nonstop to Kosovo from its home base in Missouri and back. In support of Operation Enduring Freedom, the B-2 flew one of its longest missions to date from Whiteman to Afghanistan and back. The B-2 completed its first-ever combat deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, flying 22 sorties from a forward operating location as well as 27 sorties from Whiteman Air Force Base and releasing more than 1.5 million pounds of munitions. The aircraft received full operational capability status in December 2003. On Feb. 1, 2009, the Air Force's newest command, Air Force Global Strike Command, assumed responsibility for the B-2 from Air Combat Command.

The prime contractor, responsible for overall system design and integration, is Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems Sector. Boeing Military Airplanes Co., Hughes Radar Systems Group, General Electric Aircraft Engine Group and Vought Aircraft Industries Inc., are key members of the aircraft contractor team.

• Primary function: multirole heavy bomber
• Contractor: Northrop Grumman Corp. and Contractor Team: Boeing Military Airplanes Co., Hughes Radar Systems Group, General Electric Aircraft Engine Group and Vought Aircraft Industries Inc.
• Power plant: four General Electric F118-GE-100 engines
• Thrust: 17,300 pounds each engine
• Wingspan: 172 feet (52.12 meters)
• Length: 69 feet (20.9 meters)
• Height: 17 feet (5.1 meters)
• Weight: 160,000 pounds (72,575 kilograms)
• Maximum takeoff weight: 336,500 pounds (152,634 kilograms)
• Fuel capacity: 167,000 pounds (75750 kilograms)
• Payload: 40,000 pounds (18,144 kilograms)
• Speed: high subsonic
• Range: intercontinental
• Ceiling: 50,000 feet (15,240 meters)
• Armament: conventional or nuclear weapons
• Crew: Two pilots
• Unit cost: Approximately $1.157 billion (fiscal 1998 constant dollars)
• Initial operating capability: April 1997
• Inventory: active force: 20 (1 test); Air National Guard: 0; reserve: 0

(Current as of September 2015)

In a conventional conflict, the B-52 can perform strategic attack, close-air support, air interdiction, offensive counter-air and maritime operations.

During Desert Storm, B-52s delivered 40 percent of all the weapons dropped by coalition forces. It is highly effective when used for ocean surveillance, and can assist the U.S. Navy in anti-ship and mine-laying operations. Two B-52s, in two hours, can monitor 140,000 square miles (364,000 square kilometers) of ocean surface.

All B-52s can be equipped with two electro-optical viewing sensors, a forward-looking infrared and advanced targeting pods to augment targeting, battle assessment, and flight safety, thus further improving its combat ability.

Pilots wear night vision goggles, or NVG, to enhance their vision during night operations. Night vision goggles provide greater safety during night operations by increasing the pilot's ability to visually clear terrain, to increase the peacetime and combat situational awareness of the aircrew and visually acquire other aircraft.

B-52s are currently upgrading from the Litening Advanced Targeting Pod to the Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod. Sniper pods provide improved long-range target detection/identification and continuous stabilized surveillance for all missions, including close air support of ground forces. The pod’s advanced targeting and image processing technology significantly increases the combat effectiveness of the B-52 during day, night and under-the-weather conditions in the attack of ground targets with a variety of standoff weapons (i.e., laser-guided bombs, conventional bombs and GPS-guided weapons).

The use of aerial refueling gives the B-52 a range limited only by crew endurance. It has an unrefueled combat range in excess of 8,800 miles (14,080 kilometers).

For more than 40 years B-52 Stratofortresses have been the backbone of the manned strategic bomber force for the United States. The B-52 is capable of dropping or launching the widest array of weapons in the U.S. inventory. This includes gravity bombs, cluster bombs, precision guided missiles and joint direct attack munitions. Updated with modern technology the B-52 will be capable of delivering the full complement of joint developed weapons and will continue into the 21st century as an important element of our nation's defenses. Current engineering analyses show the B-52's life span to extend beyond the year 2040.

The B-52A first flew in 1954, and the B model entered service in 1955. A total of 744 B-52s were built with the last, a B-52H, delivered in October 1962. The first of 102 B-52H's was delivered to Strategic Air Command in May 1961. The H model can carry up to 20 air launched cruise missiles. In addition, it can carry the conventional cruise missile that was launched in several contingencies during the 1990s, starting with Operation Desert Storm and culminating with Operation Iraqi Freedom.

The aircraft's flexibility was evident in Operation Desert Storm and again during Operation Allied Force. B-52s struck wide-area troop concentrations, fixed installations and bunkers, and decimated the morale of Iraq's Republican Guard. From Sept. 2 to 3, 1996, two B-52H's struck Baghdad power stations and communications facilities with 13 AGM-86C conventional air launched cruise missiles, or CALCMs, as part of Operation Desert Strike. At that time, this was the longest distance flown for a combat mission involving a 34-hour, 16,000 statute mile round trip from Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana.

In 2001, the B-52 contributed to the success in Operation Enduring Freedom, providing the ability to loiter high above the battlefield and provide close air support through the use of precision guided munitions.

The B-52 also played a role in Operation Iraqi Freedom. On March 21, 2003, B-52Hs launched approximately 100 CALCMs during a night mission.

Only the H model is still in the Air Force inventory and is assigned to the 5th Bomb Wing at Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota and the 2nd Bomb Wing at Barksdale Air Force Base, which fall under Air Force Global Strike Command. The aircraft is also assigned to the Air Force Reserve Command's 307th Bomb Wing at Barksdale Air Force Base.

• Primary function: heavy bomber
• Contractor: Boeing Military Airplane Co.
• Power plant: Eight Pratt & Whitney engines TF33-P-3/103 turbofan
• Thrust: each engine up to 17,000 pounds
• Wingspan: 185 feet (56.4 meters)
• Length: 159 feet, 4 inches (48.5 meters)
• Height: 40 feet, 8 inches (12.4 meters)
• Weight: Approximately 185,000 pounds (83,250 kilograms)
• Maximum takeoff weight: 488,000 pounds (219,600 kilograms)
• Fuel capacity: 312,197 pounds (141,610 kilograms)
• Payload: 70,000 pounds (31,500 kilograms)
• Speed: 650 miles per hour (Mach 0.84)
• Range: 8,800 miles (7,652 nautical miles)
• Ceiling: 50,000 feet (15,151.5 meters)
• Armament: approximately 70,000 pounds (31,500 kilograms) mixed ordnance -- bombs, mines and missiles (modified to carry air-launched cruise missiles)
• Crew: five (aircraft commander, pilot, radar navigator, navigator and electronic warfare officer)
• Unit cost: $84 million (fiscal 2012 constant dollars)
• Initial operating capability: April 1952
• Inventory: active force, 58; Air National Guard, 0; reserve, 18

(Current as of September 2014)

The Navy's ballistic missile submarines, often referred to as "boomers," serve as an undetectable launch platform for missiles. They are designed specifically for stealth and the precise delivery of nuclear warheads.

Each of the 14 Ohio-class SSBNs can carry up to 20 submarine-launched ballistic missiles with multiple, independently-targeted warheads. The ballistic missile submarine's strategic weapon is the Trident II D5 missile, which provides increased range and accuracy over the now out-of-service Trident I C4 missile.

Ballistic missile submarines are specifically designed for extended deterrent patrols. To decrease the amount of time required for replenishment and maintenance, Ohio-class submarines have three large-diameter logistics hatches that allow sailors to rapidly transfer supply pallets, equipment replacement modules and machinery components, thereby increasing their operational availability.

The Ohio-class design allows the submarines to operate for 15 or more years between major overhauls. On average, the submarines spend 77 days at sea followed by 35 days in-port for maintenance. Each submarine has two crews, Blue and Gold, which alternate manning the submarines and taking them on patrol. This maximizes the submarine’s strategic availability, reduces the number of submarines required to meet strategic requirements and allows for proper crew training, readiness, and morale.

• USS Henry M. Jackson (SSBN 730), Bangor, Wash.
• USS Alabama (SSBN 731), Bangor, Wash.
• USS Alaska (SSBN 732), Kings Bay, Ga.
• USS Nevada (SSBN 733), Bangor, Wash.
• USS Tennessee (SSBN 734), Kings Bay, Ga.
• USS Pennsylvania (SSBN 735), Bangor, Wash.
• USS West Virginia (SSBN 736), Kings Bay, Ga.
• USS Kentucky (SSBN 737), Bangor, Wash.
• USS Maryland (SSBN 738), Kings Bay, Ga.
• USS Nebraska (SSBN 739), Bangor, Wash.
• USS Rhode Island (SSBN 740), Kings Bay, Ga.
• USS Maine (SSBN 741), Bangor, Wash.
• USS Wyoming (SSBN 742), Kings Bay, Ga.
• USS Louisiana (SSBN 743), Bangor, Wash.

(Current as of January 2016)